生物學
TPO 01 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains
✅延伸閱讀【Timberline】：https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/timberline/
✅聽力練習【Mountain Features】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YiUL3eJ0FO4
TPO 02 The Origins Of Cetaceans
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Cetacea, dolphins, porpoises, and whales】：https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cetacea/
✅聽力練習【Cetaceans, the Giants of the Open Ocean】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLdO9MBI7eQ
TPO 03 The Long-Term Stability Of Ecosystems
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability】：https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biodiversity-and-ecosystem-stability-17059965/
✅聽力練習【Why is biodiversity important – with Sir David Attenborough | The Royal Society】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlWNuzrqe7U
TPO 04 Deer Populations Of The Puget Sound
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Puget Sound】：https://www.britannica.com/place/Puget-Sound
✅聽力練習【A Deer Migration You Have to See to Believe | National Geographic】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIAyb-1uwTg
TPO 05 Minerals And Plants
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【How plants absorb nutrients】：https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/understanding-plants/how-plants-absorb-nutrients
✅聽力練習【Plant Nutrition: Mineral Absorption | Part 1】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iphOwk3yn10
TPO 05 The Cambrian Explosion
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【What Sparked the Cambrian Explosion?】：https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-sparked-the-cambrian-explosion1/
✅聽力練習【What caused the Cambrian explosion?】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNtQwUO9ff8
TPO 08 Extinction Of The Dinosaurs
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Why did the dinosaurs go extinct?】：https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dinosaur-extinction
✅聽力練習【What Exactly Killed The Dinosaurs? | Earth | BBC Earth Science】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGu6ZPyKyJ0
TPO 09 The Arrival Of Plant Life In Hawaii
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The History and Culture of Hawaiian Botany】：https://botanicalworld.com/2023/05/24/the-history-and-culture-of-hawaiian-botany/
✅聽力練習【Explore the Valley Protecting Hawaii’s Ancient Plants】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObJHzwu9EWA
TPO 11 Begging By Nestlings
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Nesting Cycle】：https://nestwatch.org/learn/general-bird-nest-info/nesting-cycle/
✅聽力練習【Big Brother Eviction Cuckoo Style | Natural World | BBC Earth】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgIL8dbSMUA
TPO 11 Orientation And Navigation
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Bird migration is one of nature’s great wonders. Here’s how they do it.】：https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/bird-migration-one-of-natures-wonders-heres-how-they-do-it
✅聽力練習【Thousands of Cranes Take Flight in One of Earth’s Last Great Migrations | National Geographic】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COkT0Rx9gEI
TPO 13 Biological Clocks
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Everything to Know About Your Circadian Rhythm】：https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sleep/circadian-rhythm#how-it-works
✅聽力練習【How does your body know what time it is? – Marco A. Sotomayors】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8ZXOfWUbms
TPO 15 A Warm blooded Turtle
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【leatherback turtles】：https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/leatherback-turtle
✅聽力練習【Protecting leatherback turtles – Blue Planet II: Episode 7 Preview – BBC One】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_e5dznx0kw
TPO 15 Mass Extinctions
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【What are mass extinctions, and what causes them?】：https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mass-extinction
✅聽力練習【何時會發生下一次生物大滅絕？ – Borths，D’Emic 及 Pritchard】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAdNCIIYXvo
TPO 17 Animal Signals In The Rainforest
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The amazing ways animals communicate with each other】：https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zd9rdnb
✅聽力練習【Rainforests 101 | National Geographic】https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vijLre760w
TPO 17 Symbiotic Relationships
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【17.4A: Symbiosis】：https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.04%3A_Interactions_between_Species/17.4A%3A_Symbiosis
✅聽力練習【互利共生 (Symbiosis): 一個驚奇的物種合作故事 – David Gonzales】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AM3ARs9MMg
TPO 19 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Ecological succession, explained】：
https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-ecological-succession
✅聽力練習【Ecological succession | Biodiversity and human impacts | High school biology | Khan Academy】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7xbyNSxxrI
TPO 20 Fossil Preservation
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Fossil】：https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/fossil/
✅聽力練習【Fossils 101 | National Geographic】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRuSmxJo_iA
22 Spartina
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Ecosystem Invaders: Spartina】：https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ecosystem-invaders-spartina/
✅聽力練習【smooth cord grass / salt marsh cord grass (Spartina alterniflora)】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6bCb2OJzfY
TPO 25 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation】：https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.97.9.4535
✅聽力練習【The Evolution of early Plants】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDHdjTFk0nQ
TPO 26 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Desert Adaptations: 8 strategies plants and animals use to survive in the desert!】：https://wildearthlab.com/2023/06/28/desert-adaptations/
✅聽力練習【Nature’s fortress: How cacti keep water in and predators out】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9Szzb2YBXY
TPO 27 Predator-Prey Cycles
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Ecosystems and biodiversity – AQA Synergy Predator-prey cycles】：https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwgbpbk/revision/2
✅聽力練習【Predator prey cycle | Ecology | Khan Academy】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYq2078_xqc
TPO 28 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Rubs Versus Scrapes: What’s the Difference?】：
https://crossbowmagazine.com/rubs-versus-scrapes-whats-the-difference/
✅聽力練習【How To Read And Hunt Buck Rubs And Scrapes】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aItWoI3adV8
TPO 29 Competition
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Adaptations, interdependence and competition – Competition in animals】：https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9pd6yc/revision/7
✅聽力練習【Greatest Fights In The Animal Kingdom: Part 1 | BBC Earth】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss5S3yiGxg8
TPO 30 Role of Play in Development
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The Importance of Play for Child Development】：
https://www.counsellinginmelbourne.com.au/importance-of-play-for-child-development/
✅聽力練習【Inside the minds of animals – Bryan B Rasmussen】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDJ8xyQjyhM
TPO 30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The pace of evolution】：https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolution-101/the-big-issues/the-pace-of-evolution/
✅聽力練習【The Evolutionary Epic: Crash Course Big History #5】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92oHNd8vFwo
TPO 31 Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【speciation】：https://www.britannica.com/science/speciation
✅聽力練習【Speciation: An Illustrated Introduction】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yvEDqrc3XE
TPO 32 Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The risks and dangers of bee extinction】：https://www.fairplanet.org/story/the-risks-and-dangers-of-bee-extinction/
✅聽力練習【Bee extinction: Why we’re saving the wrong bees】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSYgDssQUtA
TPO 32 Plant Colonization
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Plant colonization, succession and ecosystem development on Surtsey with reference to neighbouring islands】：https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/5521/2014/
✅聽力練習【3_4 The Colonization of Land by Plants】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5E2T3BrpPk&t=335s
TPO 33 Extinction Episodes of the Past
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【K-Pg Boundary “Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary”】：https://www.geologypage.com/2019/03/k-pg-boundary-cretaceous-paleogene-boundary.html
✅聽力練習【The K-PG Boundary and Dinosaur Extinction (aka “K-T Boundary”)】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIgVkbgm4cU
TPO 40 Amphibian Thermoregulation
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Reptiles and amphibians inthermoreception inThermoreceptors in vertebrates】：https://www.britannica.com/science/thermoreception/Reptiles-and-amphibians
✅聽力練習【What are the characteristics of Amphibians?】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKN0Z1rIcMo
TPO 40 Latitude and Biodiversity
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (The LDG)】：
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/visualizing-life-on-earth/introducing-the-ldg/
✅聽力練習【Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity | Biodiversity and conservation | Biology | Khan Academy】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Hh_0AFi9Pc
TPO 42 Explaining Dinosaur Extinction
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Why did the dinosaurs go extinct?】：https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dinosaur-extinction
✅聽力練習【Why the Dinosaurs’ Extinction is an Ongoing Puzzle | Nat Geo Explores】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsTXZuPKuAU
TPO 42 Geographic Isolation of Species
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【geographic isolation】：https://www.genscript.com/biology-glossary/9824/geographic-isolation
✅聽力練習【Geographic Isolation】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oK-ntUcnobM
TPO 44 From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【12.7: Vertebrate Evolution】：https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)/12%3A_Vertebrates/12.07%3A_Vertebrate_Evolution
✅聽力練習【How Fish Came on to Land】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7rN3_tSb7g
TPO 44 Seagrasses
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【How Helper Sharks Discovered the World’s Largest Seagrass Ecosystem】：https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/how-helper-sharks-discovered-the-worlds-largest-seagrass-ecosystem/
✅聽力練習【Seagrass and the Ecosystem | When Sharks Attack】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeaXdB4orFE
TPO 45 Feeding Strategies in the Ocean
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The Food Web of the Deep Sea】：https://www.naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-food-web#google_vignette
✅聽力練習【Diet secrets of the deep】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbGtPGFXEVc&t=80s
TPO 46 Ecosystem Diversity and Stability
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【What Is Biodiversity?】：https://www.amnh.org/research/center-for-biodiversity-conservation/what-is-biodiversity
✅聽力練習【why is biodiversity so important】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4
TPO 47 – Termite Ingenuity
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Termite‘s Evolution, paleontology, and classification】：
https://www.britannica.com/animal/termite/Evolution-paleontology-and-classification
✅聽力練習【Termite Queen Lays Millions of Eggs | National Geographic】：https://youtube.com/watch?v=MO5Fd54Ap_k
TPO 47 Coral Reefs
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Coral Reefs】：https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/coral-reefs/
✅聽力練習【Coral Reefs 101 | National Geographic】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiULxLLP32s
TPO 48 Determining Dinosaur Diet
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The Dynamic Diet of Dinosaurs】：https://www.scienceworld.ca/stories/the-dynamic-diet-of-dinosaurs/
✅聽力練習【What The Dinosaurs Ate and Why】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWuxlXMywa8
TPO 53 Rain Forest Soils
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【SOILS and NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE RAINFOREST】：https://worldrainforests.com/0502.htm
✅聽力練習【Nutrient Cycling | Soil Food Web School】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVhY4ssMtbI
TPO 54 Elements of Life
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Matter, elements, and atoms
✅聽力練習【Elemental building blocks of biological molecules
TPO 54 Overkill of the North American Megafauna
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Overkill, glacial history, and the extinction of North America’s Ice Age megafauna】：https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2015032117
✅聽力練習【What Was North America Like During The Ice Age?】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQ-sWeOqAS0
TPO 57 The Debate over Spontaneous Generation
📖參考連結:
✅聽力練習
【Louis Pasteur – Scientist | Mini Bio | BIO】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXdbQ1JkX7c
【Pasteur’s Experiment】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5nbU_V1STk
TPO 58 Pinyon Pines and Pinyon Jays
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀
【Pinyon Pine and Pinyon Jay】：
https://www.grandcanyontrust.org/blog/pinyon-pine-and-pinyon-jay
【The Intimate Relationship Between Pinyon Jays and Piñon Pines Is Unraveling】：
https://www.audubon.org/magazine/winter-2022/the-intimate-relationship-between-pinyon-jays-and
TPO 62 Plant Adaptations to Cool Environments
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀
【supercooling and frost hardening】：
https://www.purdue.edu/fnr/extension/what-do-trees-do-in-the-winter/
TPO 62 Plant Adaptations to Cool Environments
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【What do Trees Do in the Winter?】：
https://www.purdue.edu/fnr/extension/what-do-trees-do-in-the-winter/
TPO 65 The Pit Organs of Snakes
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【 Snakes’ Flexible, Heat-Sensing Organs Explained】：
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/snakes-flexible-heat-sensing-organs-explained/
✅聽力練習【How do Snakes See | Seeing Infrared with their Pit Organ】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXjTzXivpVo
TPO 66 What is Coral?
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【What are corals?】https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral01_intro.html
✅聽力練習【What Exactly Is Coral?】：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkkfAzswGI8
TPO 67 Taxonomy of Organisms
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Classification Systems
】：https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/taxonomy
✅聽力練習【How Are Organisms Classified? | Evolution | Biology | FuseSchool】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnvlMlopu2A
TPO 69 Why Snakes Have Forked Tongues
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Why Do Snakes Have Forked Tongues?
】：https://www.thescienceexplorer.com/why-do-snakes-have-forked-tongues-337
✅聽力練習【The Twisted Truth About Snake Tongues | Deep Look
】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6jDsPXmo2I
生理學
TPO 18 The Mystery Of Yawning
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Facts About Yawning: Why We Do It, How to Stop, and More】：https://www.healthline.com/health/why-do-we-yawn
✅聽力練習【Why is yawning contagious? – Claudia Aguirre】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NpG4F9yq00
TPO 24 Breathing During Sleep
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Understanding Your Respiratory Rate While Sleeping】：https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/sleep-respiratory-rate
✅聽力練習【Art of Breathing | Tina Sodhi | TEDxWabashCollege】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FtyvRTWITY&t=2s
生態學
TPO 56 Urban Heat Islands
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Urban Heat Island】：https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/urban-heat-island/
✅聽力練習【What is an urban heat island?】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Wevbkcg43g
TPO 61 Grasses of the Prairie
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Native Prairie Grasses】：https://www.prairieoriginals.com/index.php?page=grasses
✅聽力練習【The Prairie Dog Life | Destination WILD】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q05A6WJZ6ng&t=1s
TPO 66 Visions of the Land
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【The Pilgrims】：
https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/pilgrims
✅聽力練習【The First Thanksgiving | THE PILGRIMS | American Experience | PBS】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItrKU0KaoPo
TPO 68 Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Can Scientists Forecast Volcanic Eruptions?】：https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-inch-toward-better-volcanic-eruption-forecasting1/
✅聽力練習【Can We Predict Volcanic Eruptions?】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zkbnn7SVATE
TPO 69 Pacific Ecosystems
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Island ecosystem】：https://thewonderfulwildlifeofsamloem.wordpress.com/island-ecosystem/
✅聽力練習【Biodiversity and ecosystem health: a Hawaiian Islands case study | Khan Academy】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmiVVgF9Hjw
TPO 70 Nineteenth-Century Theories of Mountain Formation
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Continental Drift】：https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/continental-drift/
✅聽力練習【The Theory of Continental Drift】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5q8hzF9VVE
環境
TPO 59 Dealing with Extreme Cold
📖參考連結:
✅延伸閱讀【Temperature regulation strategies】：
✅聽力練習【Animals’ Mechanism To Survive In Hot and Cold Temperatures】：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyCGVKFTZMw